Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Illegal tax avoidance and Terrorism Financing - Essay Example In any case, it is basic sight for the law guardians to have a red light consume the second they find unaccounted cash getting went down some place. Illegal tax avoidance in this day and age happens for the most part through the banks. Banks were relied upon to fix their cash development details. Be that as it may, with the fully open web surrounding it gets harder for the banks to oversee and screen what is the idea of development and who is sending what to whom. The accompanying segment distinguishes the different strategies embraced by the banks to guarantee reasonable development of cash. Three focuses were the illegal tax avoidance and psychological warfare related fiscal exchanges can be distinguished and observed are: 1) passage of money into the monetary framework 2) moves to and from budgetary framework and 3) cross fringe streams of money. The accompanying procedures are embraced by the banks so as to screen these three and control them: 1. 'Know your client' rule. This was gotten during the statures of fear monger bombings on the airplanes that each client ought to be known and recognized by the budgetary organizations. This would guarantee that the clients are observed and they are known whether there is an uncanny conduct in any it is distinguished and checked for additional action1. This is for the current clients. 2. 2. Development of any exchange over PDS 10000/ - in UK and an equal in different nations are observed and dubious cases are accounted for to the legitimate experts for additional activity. This is a legal necessity in many nations and specified in UN sanction for battling drug and crime2. 3. For the new clients, an appropriate distinguishing proof ought to be built up before any exchange with the proposed individual is made by a money related institution3. This ought to be an official recognizable proof report like a visa, birth endorsement or such different methods for distinguishing proof. In the event that the individual is following up for the benefit of an organization or someone else, at that point the personality of this individual for whose sake the exchange is being done is to be unmistakably settled and distinguished to the most extreme degree conceivable by the money related foundation. 4. Every single budgetary organization and money vendors ought to set up an unmistakable inner and various leveled announcing structure of such events in their office or over the span of their business. This ought to be actualized and followed up regularly. 5. By no means should a money related organization or a money seller will permit opening and working of a record in a bogus name. Regardless of whether no offense was submitted by the record administrator, the money related establishment has submitted an offense as indicated by the law. 6. Nations are coming in intensely on money development either for import or for send out or for some other reason. Nations have clarified that money dealing with past a particular worth isn't acknowledged and can be seized at any port or spot. It is fundamental that all the money related foundations submit to these laws. Presently UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) has given a complete legitimate system for the part nations to follow to counter violations including psychological warfare. 3. Lacuna in Controls Whatever be the strategies that are embraced by the banks to recognize such varieties in the exchanges, it is constantly discovered that individuals submitting the

Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion

Brian Toohey Biology Mrs. Heimforth 12/06/10 Diffuse the Osmosis Section 2: Introduction Step 1: The logical idea of this lab was to perceive how assimilation moved the substance through the cells to arrive at balance. Stage 2: My theory was that the sack with 60% sucrose then it would be heavier than the pack with faucet water or 30% sucrose. I thought this since I imagined that there would be to a greater degree a substance change in 60% sucrose. Segment 3: Methods First get 3 bits of a similar length of tubing at that point get 6 bits of string. Overlap one portion of the cylinder over and tie the end with string.Then include 5 ml of 30% sucrose arrangement in the cylinders. Press the sack delicately to discharge air overlap it over and tie it with another bit of string. Wash packs submerged at that point dry. At that point gauge sacks to closest tenth of a gram and record. At that point place one sack in every one of the measuring glasses. At that point let them sit for 30 minute s don't contact. Expel sacks rapidly wash and dry and recheck. At that point record results. Area 4: Results Step 1: | 60% sucrose | 30% sucrose | Tap Water | before | 6. 2 | 4. 6 | 5. 4 | after | 4. 3 | 4. 5 | 4. 8 | Step 2: As the sucrose diminishes so does the weight.I have discovered that when you decline the measure of sucrose it will make the water go outward creation the pack weigh less. Segment 5: Step 1: The lab experimentation didn't bolster my theory in light of the fact that the weight diminished more with the sucrose. Stage 2: The particular information that made my theory wrong is the way that when we included less sucrose the after weight diminished as appeared in my chart. Stage 3: The outcomes didn't bolster my speculation since when the water was more prominent within it went outside by utilizing assimilation yet when the water was more noteworthy outwardly it went inside creation the sack heavier.Step 4: When we were directing the test one pack may have sat in the cups to long. Stage 5: I have discovered that water is the main thing that can be sent through the cell without utilizing vitality. I additionally discovered that through dispersion smell spreads. Stage 6: I discovered that it is difficult to monitor things you don't name it takes a great deal of memory. ;)Segment 6: References Postlehwait, John H. , and Janet L. Hopson. Present day Biology. Austin: Holt, Rinehard, and Winston, 2006. 65-73. Print

How Women Can Relieve Their Stress

How Women Can Relieve Their Stress Stress Management Effects on Health Print How Women Can Relieve Their Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on August 18, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Zero Creatives / Cultura / Getty Images It seems to be common knowledge that women are generally busier and more stressed than men. Its widely believed that they juggle more roles and are constantly rushing. Many women themselves feel that they shoulder the lions share of responsibilities outside of paid work, even when they are working just as many hours as their male counterparts. Perhaps because of this, women are seen as generally more stressed than men. But how true is this perception? Researchers from The University of Arizonas School of Family and Consumer Resources decided to find out. They took a sample of 166 married couples and had each participant maintain a daily diary over the course of 42 days, where they recorded their daily stressors. The results indeed showed that women reported a greater amount of high distress days and fewer distress-free days than men. Interestingly, the differences in levels of stressful days were due to women experiencing more onsets of distress episodes (having stress response triggered), rather than being more likely to continue in a distressed state from one day to the next. In other words, women didnt hold onto their stress more; they just experienced more episodes of being stressed. This brings up some important issues regarding women and stress, that women need to be aware of: Understand Gender Differences in Stress If youre feeling more stressed than your male counterparts, dont take it as a sign that youre not handling stress as well; it might be because youre experiencing more stress. Give yourself a pat on the back for handling what you already are, and move confidently to step two. Eliminate What You Can It seems that people are always asking women (especially mothers!) to help with group projects like organizing office birthday parties or running the PTA. While many of these activities are fulfilling, they can add up to a significant amount of stress just by filling your schedule to the brim. While it can be very difficult to say no sometimes (especially if you tend to be a people pleaser), its vital to your health and happiness that you keep in mind that saying yes to too many requests means saying no to things you need: time alone, hobbies, and other soul-nourishing activities. To maintain a reasonable level of daily stress, women need to get used to the idea of setting priorities and saying no. Alter Your Perspective Much of your experience with stress can be eliminated with a change in the way we look at things. This may sound too good to be true, but it isnt! Altering the way you conceptualize the events you find stressful (viewing them as a challenge instead of a threat, or an opportunity instead of a crisis, for example) can actually make them feel less threatening and stressful. When you dont perceive a situation as a threat, your bodys stress response is deactivated more quickly (or doesnt get triggered in the first place), and youre more able to avoid the effects of chronic stress. Have Some Quick Stress Relievers You cant eliminate all stress in life, and probably wouldnt want to if you could. There are many types of stress that are enjoyable, like the excitement of a first date or the suspense of waiting to hear if youve gotten a new job. Because it may not be possible to stop reacting to stress (even with the most positive outlook), its important to have some fast stress relievers in order to reverse your stress response quickly and prevent yourself from entering a state of chronic stress. Maintain Regular Stress-Relieving Habits You can also prevent yourself from getting into an overwhelmed state (where youre more reactive to stress) by maintaining some regular stress relief activities as part of your schedule. Studies show that those who meditate regularly are less reactive to stressors that occur in their lives. Exercise is also an important option to remember; it can keep you physically and emotionally healthy. Journaling also has many benefits for its users. Adding one of these options to your morning or nightly routine could bring be especially useful.

Nike Ethics and Human Violations - 1308 Words

Like other large corporations, Nike looked to expand their operations outside North America. Many companies do this because of the law and wage demands of the United States making overseas operations very appealing. Employment laws are scarce and labor is cheap in most third world countries and can be easily become targeted by giant corporations such as Nike. In the beginning, Nike probably selected countries like Indonesia and Vietnam because of the vast poverty level and wage demand given the demographics. I highly doubt Nike moved into Indonesia and Vietnam thinking that their ethical demeanor was about to be challenged. That all changed when Global Alliance exposed Nike and forced them to take an account for their unethical†¦show more content†¦In Vietnamese factories, workers making Nike merchandize have been found to be forced to work over 600 hours of overtime a year, which is more than 400 hours a year above the legal limit in Vietnam (â€Å"Fact Sheet†). Workers have reported being coerced into the overtime hours through threats of unemployment or forced indirectly by the low pay to volunteer for the hours in order to support their families. This in other words is a form of slavery. There are only 24 hours in a day and to spend 16 hours or more at work in order to keep a job is a complete denial of a right to life, or in other words a human rights violation. Managements Perspective In America, Nikes owners see the abuse much differently. In front of hundreds of shareholders, after announcing record earnings and another stock split, Nikes president and CEO, Phil Knight minimized the problems in Asia as simply an incident in which a single worker was hit over the head by a supervisor. Nike spokesperson Jim Small, while knowing that the conditions in the sixteen Indonesian plants are not ideal, said, The bottom line is: Do we abuse our workers? Absolutely not. (Levy, Working conditions protested at the opening of a new store). Roberta Baskin of CBS News commented that, It turns out Nike has a great deal to learn about what goes on inside these factories. Nike spends between $250-$280 million dollars a year on athletic endorsements.Show MoreRelatedNike Corporation Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesorg/files/u5/LRNGlobalIntegrity.pdf Nike Corporation In this essay, I will attempt to present an analysis of the ethics and social responsibility issues that an organization can face when it is a global organization. One of the most recognized organizations globally would without a doubt have to be the Nike Corporation. Several years ago the Nike Corporation came under fire for using child labor in Pakistan and Cambodia to make their soccer balls. Because Nike came under fire for this unethicalRead MoreAuret van Heerden is the President of the Florida Labor Association1034 Words   |  4 Pagesnational labor laws†. (Wikipedia, 2014). 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The ethical issue involves around a Bangladesh man Sohel Rana, and western clothing companies, specifically the company it manufactured for, Canadian fashion brand Joe Fresh (Forbes, 2013). The building, Rana Plaza, was owned by Sohel Rana, whom illegally extended the six-storey building, into a nine-storey factory complex. Ethics: Ethics are principlesRead MoreThe Ethics Of Corporate Social Responsibility2955 Words   |  12 Pagescompanies, does not mean can be ignore the production process management, especially in the growing environmental awareness of human rights and labor hypertonic, consumers are also concerned about purchase the product is how are they manufactured and process. This has been deemed an important indicator of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics. 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What to Do When You Feel Overwhelmed in College

Not everyone graduates from college; doing so is a huge deal because its an incredibly difficult journey. Its expensive, takes a long time, and requires a lot of dedication. And there never seems to be any rest from what other people expect of you. In fact, its sometimes easier to feel smothered by your responsibilities than it is to feel in control. Fortunately, being in college means that you have both the desire and ability to figure out how to make things work—even if you dont feel like you can. Take a deep breath, start simply, and create a plan. Take Half an Hour First, block off 30 minutes from your schedule. It can be right now, or it can be in a few hours. The longer you wait, of course, the longer youll feel stressed and overwhelmed. The sooner you can make a 30-minute appointment with yourself, the better. Once youve reserved yourself for 30 minutes, set a timer (try using the alarm on your smartphone) and use your time as follows. Create a Plan Five minutes: Grab a pen or use your computer, tablet, or smartphone and make lists of what you have to do. And while this may sound easy, theres one catch: Instead of making a long, running list, divide it up by sections. For example, ask yourself: What do I need to do for my Chem 420 class?What do I need to do as a club vice-chair?What do I need to do for my financial paperwork? Create mini-lists and organize them by topic. Five minutes: Mentally walk through your schedule for the rest of the week (or, at the very least, the next five days). Ask yourself: Where do I absolutely have to be (such as class) and where do I want to be (like a club meeting)? Use whatever time-management system you have to mark down what you have to do versus what you want to do. Ten minutes: Break down your calendar using your micro lists. Ask yourself: What must be done today?What must be done tomorrow?What can wait until tomorrow?What can wait until next week? Be honest with yourself. There are only so many hours in a day, and there is only so much you can reasonably expect to do. Determine what can wait and what cannot. Assign to-do items from your lists to various days in a way that sets reasonable expectations about how much you can get done in a certain amount of time. Five minutes: Spend a few minutes to break down how you are going to spend the rest of your day (or night). Allocate as much time as possible in your schedule, ensuring that you account for things like breaks and meals. Specifically, determine how you will spend the next five to 10 hours. Five minutes: Spend your final five minutes getting yourself and your space ready to work. Figure out: Do you need to go for a brisk walk?Clean up a workspace in your room?Head to the library?Get some water and coffee? Get yourself moving and prepare your environment so that you can accomplish your tasks. Get a Fresh Start Once your 30 minutes are up, youll have made to-do lists, organized your schedule, planned out the rest of your day (or night), and prepared yourself to start. This will allow you to focus on necessary tasks over the next few days; instead of always worrying about studying for an upcoming exam, you can tell yourself, Im studying for my exam on Thursday night. Right now I must finish this paper by midnight. Consequently, instead of feeling overwhelmed, you can feel in charge and know that your plan will allow you to finally get things done.

The largest bakery Free Essays

Introduction GREGGS is the largest bakeshop retail merchant in UK. The historical company foremost founded by John Gregg in 1939, and opened its first store in 1951. After about 60 old ages enlargement, it becomes a nutrient land supplying big scope of fresh nutrient for 5 million clients every hebdomad in over 1,400 net stores. We will write a custom essay sample on The largest bakery or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this period, a little bakeshop store became a nutrient giant with to the full developed distribution centres providing freshness and quality nationally. Meanwhile they besides faced obstruction on their manner to multinational. The failure in Belgium is a warning of their enlargement. As the purpose to decide the impact from economic recession, 10 Belgium stores were resolutely closed in last twelvemonth. The study analysis GEREGGS ‘ public presentation in 2008 from their one-year study, and measure its attraction of investing. Fiscal Performance Based on the Amalgamate Income Statement ( line 1 Appx. 1 [ Page 5 ] ) , the entire gross revenues ended 27 December 2008 increased by 7.1 % to A ; lb ; 628.2 million ( compared to A ; lb ; 586.3 million in 2007 ) , including a 4.4 % rise of like-for-like gross revenues growing. At the same clip, the distribution and merchandising costs rocketed from A ; lb ; 278.7 million ( 2007 ) to A ; lb ; 306.6 million ( 2008 ) , by 10 per centum. On the contrary, the net income before revenue enhancement reduced from A ; lb ; 49 million to A ; lb ; 45.1 million ( Line 9 Appx.1 [ Page 5 ] ) , a decrease of 7.8 % excepting belongings additions, restructuring costs and exceeding pension recognition, which is non really satisfactory but still acceptable under such fortunes, the clients are delicate and losing assurance. Meanwhile, the operating net income dropped by 2.6 per centum to A ; lb ; 48.6 million ( 2007: A ; lb ; 49.9million ) . Partially for the ground of the higher Significant ad dition in energy and ingredient costs therefore more dearly-won of the distribution and merchandising. From the figures above, 23.6 per centum of its hard currency flow contributed to assets. 41 net stores freshly set up in 2008, which are somewhat more than 34 in 2007. Second, the P/E ratio in 10.5 % is still acceptable during the vulnerable economic period of planetary crisis. Third, as a company supplying fresh nutrient, the stock list turnover was keeping at a typical high degree. What ‘s more, the working capital of company is lower than favourable line, nevertheless it dues to the low stock list and to the full usage of hard currency. Finally, the ROA and ROE ratio were keeping singular at 15.4 % and 23.0 % severally. As a investor, GREGGS is an perfectly attractive pick. Position Harmonizing to the appraisal of GREGGS ‘ fiscal public presentation, a satisfactory consequence was obtained. The entire gross rocketed above 7 per centum, although the net net income is somewhat declined compared with 2007. The economic crisis created series of concatenation actions to the company ‘s day-to-day operation. Since the significant additions in natural stuffs, a higher cost of gas, electricity and fuel straight impact on production and distribution. Meanwhile indirect effects besides raised the cost throughout the supply concatenation. What ‘s more, the increasing cost of ware affected the cost of its indispensable constituents of merchandises, such as flour, meats, wheat, and so on. In order to cover the impact of planetary rising prices, GREGGS improved their efficiency and made accommodation on selling monetary value. Although it is a manner to keep gross, a hazard of disputing clients ‘ trade name trueness merged from such action. Obviously th ey conquered it good by effectual work on quality, freshness, gustatory sensation and friendly service. From the figures of last Chapter, the Quick ratio besides named Acid trial is a portion of measuring liquidness in short term. It indicates if a company has adequate short-run buttockss to cover its current liabilities. A favourable figure in most of industries is 1:1, but for a nutrient company running under a tight liquidness ( Acerb trial: 36.7 % ) is besides a common happening. Another portion is long term, which is besides called Gearing ratio, measures the relationship between long term liabilities and stockholders ‘ equity. 19.3 % ( Appx.2, Cal. 19, P12 ) is an acceptable degree for stockholders, the involvements on long term debts is controlled to some extent. The company was besides engaged on betterment of their methods of bring forthing nutrient. For a long clip, GREGGS bakeshop made a bulk of its merchandises under its ain formulas, therefore a considerable regional fluctuation. In the last twelvemonth, they implemented a programme in order to consolidate their merchandises. By the terminal of 2009, 80 per centum of merchandises would be harmonized across the state. At the same clip, they responded effectual on clients ‘ demand. Set repast on lower monetary value and inventions of new spirit were introduced to consumers. Equally good as welcomed pieces such as hot sandwiches and pesto baguette would be expanded into more net stores. Besides the chief service they provided, GREGGS made a singular part on societal duty. Firstly it provided a favourable working environment and competitory intervention to employees. They provide scope of public assistances such as, private medical intervention, psychological advisers, and wagess for people. Second, a scheme named ‘ Making a Difference to Communities ‘ is good performed. The GREGGS ‘ Trust founded in 1987 was still running good on roll uping financess to back up local charity. In 2008, they raised and distributed A ; lb ; 1.8 million assisting local communities. The GREGGS Breakfast Club is supplying free, healthy nutrient for over 6,000 primary school kids. The activities of bettering their merchandises help GREGGS with its selling place, and the repute from taging a difference to communities helps them with their societal positon. Based on the company ‘s satisfactory public presentation on fiscal place, the sensible mark of following twelvemonth would be good accomplished. Cash Flow Take a glimpse at the Cash Flow statement ( Appx.1 Page 7 ) , ( 49 ) hard currency generated from operations was A ; lb ; 44 million, a 28.6 % decrease by A ; lb ; 62 million ( 2007 ) , A ; lb ; 41 million is contributed to ( 50 ) acquisition of belongings, works and equipment compared with A ; lb ; 42 million in 2007, and ( 59 ) cyberspace hard currency from funding activities was A ; lb ; 36 million ( 2007 ) to A ; lb ; 15 million ( 2008 ) . First of wholly, 56.5 % of financess obtained from operations and finance activities were used in investing. Harmonizing to company ‘s program in 2009, there will be an enlargement of net stores. The proportion will travel up. On the other custodies, 7.1 per centum of its hard currency flows were generated from gross revenues. Compared with 10.5 % ( 2007 ) , the increasing cost of natural stuffs contributed to this difference. Last of all, the operations Cash Flow to Current Liabilities Ratio was 96.8 % in 2007, reveals less hard currency influxs therefore more investing of capital. Decision and Recommendation To sum up, as the biggest nutrient retail merchant, it suffered a respectable impact from increasing universe rising prices. Without inquiry, the twelvemonth 2008 is a important point at GREGGS flight, where they accomplished an acceptable public presentation. In the following twelvemonth, a program of simplifying operations and doing farther enlargement is good prepared. As figures mentioned before, GREGGS was keeping a comparatively high volume of stock list to equilibrate the impact of lifting cost of stuffs. Under the economic background is unbending up, it would be better to runing at low stock list. Their first measure of fiscal accomplishment in 2009 is a 3.2 per centum of addition in entire gross revenues and a 1.0 per centum of like-for-like gross revenues growing by 7th March, 2009. Sing the conditions influence on their gross revenues, it is a sensible aim. However they underestimated the recovery of the economic position and consumers ‘ assurance. Mentions Greggs Annual Report Dun A ; Bradstreet Industry and Financial Consulting Services.Industry Norms and Key Business Ratios. Murray Hill, NJ: Dun A ; Bradstreet Industry and Financial Consulting Services, 2002. Investopedia Dictionary. 14 May 2003. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com gt ; . How do I measure a company ‘s fiscal public presentation? Rollins College Olin Library. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //tars.rollins.edu/olin/businessresearch/fin_perform/index.shtml gt ; How to cite The largest bakery, Essay examples

The Canterbury Tales A View Of The Medieval Christian Church Essay Example For Students

The Canterbury Tales: A View Of The Medieval Christian Church Essay SUBJECT: English 243 TITLE: The Canterbury Tales: A view of the Medieval Christian Church In discussing Chaucers collection of stories called The Canterbury Tales, an interesting picture or illustration of the Medieval Christian Church is presented. However, while people demanded more voice in the affairs of government, the church became corrupt this corruption also led to a more crooked society. Nevertheless, there is no such thing as just church history; This is because the church can never be studied in isolation, simply because it has always related to the social, economic and political context of the day. In history then, there is a two way process where the church has an influence on the rest of society and of course, society influences the church. This is naturally because it is the people from a society who make up the church .and those same people became the personalities that created these tales of a pilgrimmage to Canterbury. The Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England was to take place in a relatively short period of time, but this was not because of the success of the Augustinian effort. Indeed, the early years of this mission had an ambivalence which shows in the number of people who hedged their bets by practicing both Christian and Pagan rites at the same time, and in the number of people who promptly apostatized when a Christian king died. There is certainly no evidence for a large-scale conversion of the common people to Christianity at this time. Augustine was not the most diplomatic of men, and managed to antagonize many people of power and influence in Britain, not least among them the native British churchmen, who had never been particularly eager to save the souls of the Anglo-Saxons who had brought such bitter times to their people. In their isolation, the British Church had maintained older ways of celebrated the major festivals of Christianity, and Augustines effort to compel them to conform to modern Roman usage only angered them. When Augustine died (some time between 604 and 609 AD), then, Christianity had only a precarious hold on Anglo-Saxon England, a hold which was limited largely to a few in the aristocracy. Christianity was to become firmly established only as a result of Irish efforts, who from centers in Scotland and Northumbria made the common people Christian, and established on a firm basis the English Church. At all levels of society, belief in a god or gods was not a matter of choice, it was a matter of fact. Atheism was an alien concept (and one dating from the eighteenth century). Living in the middle ages, one would come into contact with the Church in a number of ways. First, there were the routine church services, held daily and attended at least once a week, and the special festivals of Christmas, Easter, baptisms, marriages, etc.. In that respect the medieval Church was no different to the modern one. Second, there were the tithes that the Church collected, usually once a year. Tithes were used to feed the parish priest, maintain the fabric of the church, and to help the poor. Third, the Church fulfilled the functions of a civil service and an education system. Schools did not exist (and were unnecessary to a largely peasant society), but the Church and the government needed men who could read and write in English and Latin. The Church trained its own men, and these went to help in the government: writing letters, keeping accounts and so on. The words cleric and clerk have the same origin, and every nobleman would have at least one priest to act as a secretary.The power of the Church is often over-emphasized. Certainly, the later medieval Church was rich and powerful, and that power was often misused especially in Europe. Bishops and archbishops were appointed without any training or clerical background, church offices changed hands for cash, and so on. The authority of the early medieval Church in England was no different to that of any other landowner. So, the question that haunted medieval man was that of his own salvation. The existence of God was never questioned and the heart-cry of medieval society was a desire to know God and achieve intimacy with the divine. Leading a life pleasing to God was the uppermost concern, and the wide diversity of medieval piety is simply because people answered the question, How can I best lead a holy life? in so many different ways. Beginning with The Pardoners Tale, the theme of salvation is truly paramount. Chaucer, being one of the most important medieval authors, uses this prologue and tale to make a statement about buying salvation. The character of the pardoner is one of the most despicable pilgrims, seemingly along for the ride to his next gig as the seller of relics. For myn entente is nat but for to winne,/ And no thing for correccion of sinne, admits the pardoner in his prologue. As a matter of fact, the pardoner is only in it for the money, as evident from this passage: I wol none of the Apostles countrefete:I wold have moneye, wolle, cheese, and whete,Al were it yiven of the pooreste page,Or of the pooreste widwe in a village Al sholde hir children sterve for famine.Nay, I drinke licour of the vineAnd have a joly wenche in every town. In his tale, the Pardoner slips into his role as the holiest of holies and speaks of the dire consequences of gluttony, gambling, and lechery. He cites Attila the Hun with, Looke Attila, the grete conquerour,/ Deide in his sleep with shame and dishonour,/ Bleeding at his nose in dronkenesse. The personification of the deadly sins, along with his story of the three greedy men that eventually perish at the hands of their sin is a distinct medieval device. The comic twist that Chaucer adds to the device, though, is that the Pardoner in himself is as the personification of sin, as is evident from the passages of his prologue. At the conclusion of his tale, the Pardoner asks, Allas, mankinde, how may it bitide/ That to thy Creatour which that thee wroughte,/ And with his precious herte blood boughte,/ Thou art so fals and unkinde, allas?. He then goes on to offer each pilgrim a place. Abnormal Psychology Problem: Excessive Use Of Mari Essay He was the outrider or the person in charge of the outlying property. which lead him to enjoy hunting, fine foods, and owning several horses. Monks renounced all their worldly belongings and by taking vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, joined a community of monks. Their lives were spent in communal worship, devotional reading, prayer and manual labour all under the authority of the abbot of the monastic house. Particular monks often had particular jobs- the cellarer or the infirmarer for example, and these like every aspect of monastic life were laid down in the Rule. Monks were nearly always of noble extraction (one had to have wealth in order to give it up) but could also be given to the monastery as children (called oblates) to be brought up as monks.Hindsight has blurred our vision of the Medieval monk and the result is that the modern Christian mindset has condemned him for his selfish escapism from the world and for his apparent neglect of those who needed Christ outside of the cloister. The Medieval mindset was very different. The monastery was an integral part of the local community it probably owned most of the farming land in the area- and the fortunes of the people in any area were bound up with the spirituality of its monastic house. The monks were on the front line of the spiritual battle-it was they who did battle in prayer for their community, who warded off devils and demons and who prayed tirelessly for the salvation of the souls of those in their community. Rather than being the cowards of Christianity unable to take the strain of living a Christian life in the real world, the monks were like spiritual stormtroopers interceeding for an area against its supernatural enemies in mudh the same way as a local lord in his castle protected an area against its physical enemies. The people gave gifts to both lord and abbot in return for a service. The Pardoner also represents the tradition of faith in respect to the church of his time. The Pardoner is representative of the seamy side of the corrupt church and a broken or twisted (if you will) faith. The faith of a bureaucracy, which is what the church had become. The Pardoner was a church official who had the authority to forgive those who had sinned by selling pardons and indulgences to them. Although, the Pardoner was a church official, he was clearly in the church business for economic reasons. The Pardoner, a devious and somewhat dubious individual had one goal: Get the most money for pardons by almost any means of coercion necessary. A twisted and ironic mind, has basically defined himself through his work for a similarly corrupt church. In contrast, the Plowman has nothing but a seemingly uncomplicated and untwisted faith. The Plowman has the faith of a poor farmer, uncomplicated by the bureaucracy of the church. The Pardoner is probably on this journey because he is being required to go by the church or he sees some sort of economic gain from this voyage, most likely from selling forgiveness to the other pilgrims. The Plowman on the other hand is probably on this voyage because of his sincerity and faith in its purpose. While this was the story of religion at grass-roots level, at the organisational and hierarchical level, the church developed along a different line. It became more organized, more bureaucratic, more legal, more centralized and basically more powerful on a European scale. This process was spearheaded by the papacy and reached its pinnacle under Pope Innocent III in the early 13th Century. He embodied what became known as the papal monarchy a situation where the popes literally were kings in their own world. The relative importance of spiritual and secular power in the world was a constant question in the middle ages with both secular emperors and kings, and the popes asserting their claims to rule by divine authority with Gods commands for Gods people proceeding out of their mouths. The power of the church is hard to exaggerate: its economic and political influence was huge, as its wealth, movements like the crusades, and even the number of churches that exist from this period truly show its greatness. By the early 10th century, a strange malaise seems to have entered the English church. There are comments from this time of a decline in learning among churchmen and an increase in a love for things of this earthly world. Even more of these lax standards had begun a decline in the power structure of the church which included a decrease in acceptable behavior amongst churchmen and a growing use of church institutions by lay people as a means of evading taxes. Christianity affected all men in Europe at every level and in every way. Such distances however, led to much diversity and the shaping of Medieval religion into a land of contrasts. One can also see how mans feelings of extreme sinfulness and desire for God are quite evident in these tales. Still, we are told that history repeats itself because nobody listens to it, but more realistically history repeats itself because man is essentially the same from one generation to the next. He has the same aspirations, fears and flaws; yet the way that these are expressed differs from age to age. This is why each period of history is different. The fact that man is the same yet different is what makes the study of the people who formed the medieval church directly applicable to Christians lives and experiences today.